![]() The mucosal immune system, immune tolerance, and other innate and adaptive immune processes also play roles in the development of chronic inflammation of the GI tract. 1,27,28 Mucosal Immune System and Immune Responses 1 In mouse models, TLR 2 has been implicated in the homeostasis of intestinal tissue after injury. TLR 2 mRNA expression, which has been correlated with the clinical severity of IBD, has been noted to be higher in the duodenum of affected dogs compared with healthy dogs. 26 These TLRs are a class of proteins of the innate immune system that span the membrane of sentinel cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and are important in the recognition of lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria, lipoteichoic acid of gram-positive bacteria, and bacterial flagellin. Genetic analysis of German shepherds has shown that several SNPs in the TLR 4 and TLR 5 genes are significantly associated with the incidence of lymphocytic–plasmacytic IBD. The presence of these adherent and invasive E coli within mucosal macrophages of specifically boxers, and this organism’s eradication with tailored antibiotic implementation further suggests a breed-specific association relative to disease pathogenesis as well as clinical response. In boxers with granulomatous colitis, genome analysis has identified disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may affect killing of pathologic Escherichia coli. ![]() The pathophysiology behind breed predispositions is not well understood, but triggers have been identified in some breeds. 22,23 In our experience, this has not necessarily been the case, as domestic shorthaired and longhaired breeds account for most cats presenting and diagnosed at our facility. Specific breeds of dogs are recognized as being prone to chronic enteropathies, which likely suggests a genetic component ( TABLE 1).Īlthough a genetic component is not as well recognized in cats, Siamese and other oriental breeds have been suggested to be more predisposed to developing IBD. 1,3,5,8–10,12,14 These receptors sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the region of the immediate cell surface or intracellular environment. The genetic component believed to be associated with an increased risk of IBD is well documented in humans and involves mutations in pattern recognition receptors such as nucleotide binding oligomerized domain 2, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and interleukin-23. ![]() These have been evidenced by human, mouse, canine, and feline models.
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